Jolfa County is located in the northwest of Azerbaijan Province between Marand, Ahar, Maku, and Kaleybar. Aras River located in Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia’s borders, passes north of the county. The center of this County is a border town named Jolfa located 150 km far from Tabriz. Its weather is special. It has sunny summers and mild winters. Due to its high mountains, the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean winds could not penetrate so it rarely rain and has low vegetation.
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Sarab was residential from old times. Urartu inscription, historical hills, and rocky temples around this city are evidence of its antiquity. In Urartu Empire, Sarab was a civilized city. Some researches believed that the scattered graves around the city belong to many years before the inscriptions.
What has remained from Urartu Empire indicates the antiquity of this district to 730-685 BC. Raz Liq epitaph, which was read by a German archaeologist in 1971, was written in Cuneiform and belonged to Argishti II son of Rusa I. Neshtaban epitaph is written in 8th BC about conquests of Urartu.
Although civilized centers of old times would not usually be repaired or renewed after destruction, Sarab several centuries after Urartu destruction was still prosperous in Parthia Dynasty. Earthen and other antique monuments which has been found is evidence of its antiquity.
Some other monuments like rocky temples belonged to Sasanian Empire had been found and indicates the antiquity of the city.
After Islam emergence in Iran and Azerbaijan, Sarab has got its own fame for its public transport and fertile soil. According to what historian just declared Babak Khoramdin met Shabali Ibn Mosana Azdi and also Amir and Hasoodan war against Qazan took place in the city.
Sarab city was the center of Mongol government. It is written that Soltan Ahmad Takudar, who turned to Islam and Arqut Khan and Mongol commanders were after him run to Sarab. He was arrested and killed by Arqun Command in 683 AH.
After Soltan Ahmad Takudar was defeated, Arqun Khan Mongol organized Mongol Council in 683 AH.
Sarab was also important during Chupanian dynasty and was governed by Jani Beig Khan son of Joji Khan who was killed in 758 AH in this city.
Early in Safavid dynasty, Tabriz and Ardebil was among important cities. Sarab’s connection to these two important cities and its strategic position make it an important city. After Shah Ismail Safavid was defeated in Chaldoran war run to Sarab and died there in 930 AH.
The war between Shah Ismail and Kholi Pasha took place in Sarab and cause lots of destruction.but Shah Abbas defeated Ottoman Empire in this city.
In 1205 AH, Hossein Khan Donboli fought against Sadeq khan Shaqayeqi in this city and after Sadeq Khan run Hossein Khan has looted and burned Sarab.
In 1205 AH, Hossein Khan Donboli fought against Sadeq khan Shaqayeqi in the city and after Sadeq Khan’s escape, Hossein Khan has looted and burned Sarab. Sadeq Khan Shaqayeqi was defeated by Qajar Fath Ali Shah and retreat to Sarab and after returning Aqa Mohammad Khan’s jewelry to Fath Ali Shah, he has been forgiven and charged as Sarab ruler.
Sarab geographical and economic position among other cities leads to regrow after each looting or war.
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Shabestar is one of the old cities. Its name is written in old and historical books. Hamdollah in Nazhatolqolub (740 AH) admired the prosperity of this city and said: “ the forth part of Orunaq is located in the west of Tabriz. Its entrance is three leagues far from Tabriz and has extended to fifteen leagues. Its width is five leagues. Its products are fruits, grapes, and cereal. Each Its thirty parts has its own district like Sis Shabestar, Iqan KuzeKanan.”
The most significant reason of Shabestar fame is because of Mirza Ali Akbar Mojez Shabestari, the prominent satirist of Azerbaijan and martyr Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani.
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Ahar and Kaleybar were once among Meshkin Shahr villages.
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Maraqeh is one of the old and historical cities of Azerbaijan and Iran. Ptolemy named Urmia Lake “Margianeh” because of its position in the west part of Maraqeh. Mark Antony in 36BC has named this place Faraeta while describing the Parthia dynasty events.
During Harun al-Rashid governing the income of Maraqeh has belonged to king’s daughters. This city was also the shelter of Arabs during Arabs war against Babak Khoramdin in Arasbaran. Even Afshin take this district center of its army in winter.
In 280 AH, Mohammad Ibn Afshin Ibn Div was Maraqeh ruler. Then his brother, Yusuf take his position and make a coin with his own name in 296 AH. In Yusuf dynasty, Maraqeh has flourished a lot a Daralamare and a treasury and some other structures were built. He became a successful ruler little by little. The king approved his abilities then he takes Ardabil as his ruling center.
In 420 AH, Oghuz Turks enter Maraqeh. In 566 Ah Maraqeh was Seljuq’s territory. In 622 AH Jalalodin Kharazmshah entered Maraqeh without any resistance.
In 628 AH, this city was caught by Mongol Army. In 656 AH, Maraqeh was Hulagu Khan’s governing center. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and some other astronomers built the famous Maraqeh Observatory. Hulagu Khan was Buddha but his wife and mother were Christian so Maraqeh and its surrounding have become the center of Christianity. Romian, Armenian and Nestorian, scientists and artists had gathered in Maraqeh. During Ghazan dynasty churches had been changed to mosques and preachers lose their position in Azerbaijan’s big cities.
In 712 AH, Shamsodin Qare Sanqoz who was the prince of Egypt run to Iran and Soltan Mohammad Khodabande Oljayto shelter him and he charged him as Maraqeh’s ruler.
In 759 AH, Maraqe was destroyed by Teimourian. During Shah Ismail conquered so many people from different cities had been killed which Maraqeh was also among them. During Shah Tahmasb Safavi dynasty, schools, mosques, and public buildings were built and make this city and the cities around it, like Bonab, as one of the flourished and prosperous. During the continual war between Iran and Ottoman Empire, Abdulaziz Pasha ruled Maraqeh for short time. In 1142 AH, Maraqeh was conquered by Nader Shah. From Abas Mirza dynasty cities around Maraqeh were ruled by Ahmad Khan Moqadam Maraqi and his family. Although Sheikh Abidolah Kord tried to attack Maraqeh in 1297 AH, his attempts were defeated and peace returned to Maraqeh once again.
Samad Khan Shojaodole Maraqei was from Moqadam Dynasty. He was such a mean and cruel man which the history of the Persian Constitutional Revolution is full of his cruel deeds.
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The history of Marand relates to centuries BC. It has been declared in Encyclopaedia of Islam that Marand was living place of important tribes of Chaldea and Assur. Ptolemy, Greco-Roman geographer who lived two centuries BC, named this town as Mandegarna. According to historians, Marand in the Armenian language means burial and it is said that was the burial place of Noah. According to what William Jackson declared, Marand was Vaspurakan’s Capital in Sasanian Empire and the existence of a fire temple on Khakestari Hill is its evidence.
In William Jackson’s travel literature, the fact that Marand structure was built by the command of a girl named Maria was declared. She built a big church there which is used now as a mosque. So the city was named Mariana and then changed to Marind, Marvand, Marianeh, and then Marand. Others believed that etymology of Marand name was Madvand and Marand which means Medes living place. Some parts of the church still remain and have lots of big and small crosses all around its top. In other words, Maran or Marand or Madvand was once capital of Medes government.
The historical evidence indicates that Marand was Babak Khorramdin’s territory and Mohammad Rawadi obeys him till Babak Khoramdin Rebellion.
After Rawadid dynasty, Marand was no longer famous but traces show that the extension of the district to Nakhjavan, Iravan, Teflis, Shiravan, Shamakhi, Khoy, and Van was war battle of Azerbaijan, Gorjestan, and Armenia from one side and king’s mailers from the other side.
After the Mongol attacks, Ilkhanate system of governing has been established. Ilkhanate kings govern Maraqeh, Tabriz, and Soltanieh. From Teimourian Dynasty on Marand like other cities had been destroyed and looted. In Safavid Dynasty especially Ismail I when Iran had been defeated in Chaldoran War. The entire cities of Azerbaijan had been repositioned by the Ottoman Empire and Marand was also among them. It was destroyed and looted even more, due to its strategic and special position.
In Shah Abbas Dynasty, Marand was ruled by Soltan Jamshid Khan Donboli and was taken as his government capital. In 1016 AH, Shah Abbas chose Marand as his military base for war against Ottoman Empire. In Qajar Dynasty, the city got famous due to insudterial, business and mining activities development, bartering between Tabriz, Khoy, Baku, and Teflis, migration and travel to Russsia, its way for caravan travel. In Persian Constitutional Revolution, Shoja Nezam Marandi in Marand, Zenouz, Alamdar, and GorGor rebel against Persian Constitutional. In this time, Marand was Iran business way to Europe and Russia and was important for providing living supply. This road was blocked several times by Shoja Nezam Marandi soldiers. He was killed by a bomb which has been posted by Heidar Amu Oqli, member of constitutionalism, from Tabriz. Freedom fighters of Marand were always in Satarkhan’s side during the Constitutional Revolution.
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Mianeh is one of the old and historical cities of Azerbaijan and Iran.According to Diakonoff in Medes History, in 720 BC Mannaeans lived in Azerbaijan and Kordestan and its center was near Urmia Lake. There were some semi-independent cities which were under the command of Manneana; Zakartu ( which is now Mianeh and Ardabil), Andria (which is now Qazal Ozun Valley), Deioce ( which is probably Qazal Ozun Valley now).
Mianeh was the military base of kings and where their commands had been received. Top of the hill was military base of Nader Shah which is a village now. Nader Shah settled here in wars against Ottoman Empire.
In Ahad Shah Qajar and Reza Shah Dynasty, Mianeh was one of Firuz Mirza Farmanfarma’s governing centers.
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Malekan county is located in the southwest of Azerbaijan and has a common border with West Azerbaijan. It is located 10 km far from Urmia Lake and in its southeast corner and between Bonab, Hashtrud, Maraqeh, and Miandoab. What has been retained from Leilan historical City is in the south of Malekan. Malekan was named Malek Kandi. Due to its position which is from Tabriz and East Azerbaijan to West Azerbaijan, its fertile soil and a good situation for farming and gardening, the city has been changed to County. The weather in the county is sunny in summer and cold in winter. Its most important products are fruits, dried fruit, cereal, and grape.
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Heris is one of the old districts of East Azerbaijan. Rabi Rashidi deeds of the endowment have Azerbaijan Land names and Heris was among which belonged to 7th and 8th AH and was a big parish once.
Some valuable historical monuments remain from Ilkhante Dynasty and its substitute. Here are some of them; Sheikh Ishaq cemetery (in Khanqah), Minaq Cemetery, Hiq Cemetery, Gur Cemetery, Jama Abad Masque and Asnaq Masque (which belonged to 8th AH). Heris is one of the oldest centers of the carpet industry in Azerbaijan and Iran. Its Shag is well-known in the world.
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This county is located in the southeast of Tabriz and Hashtrud city is its center. Azaran is its former name and Sar Iskandar was its latter name.
Eight important rivers run in the district; Qaranqu, Aydu Qamush, Aji Chay, Qale Chay, Quri Chay, Ajir Chay, Qare Qie and Leylan Chay. Sahand Mount extended to the west of Hashtrud County. Hashtrud weather is changeable, it is cloudy and cold in its west part due to Sahand Mount and milder in its central part. What has been retained from Zahak Castle is located there. Some earthen had been found in the castle which belonged to 2nd millennium BC. This castle may be used in Ismaili era.
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